| International Telecommunication System |
The International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
It establishes global standards for telecommunications, allocates radio spectrum and satellite orbits, and works to improve access to The International Telecommunication Union:
Following the First Bilateral Telegraph Traffic Agreement in the year of 1849 between Prussia and Australia International Telecommunication Convention was signed by 20 countries of Europe in the 1865. Later, for International Telephony Transmission a Technical Committee, CCIF was established in 1923. Another technical committee was formed for telephony and named as CCITT in 1925.
It’s one of the sectors of the ITU and was responsible for setting international standards for telecommunications). With the growth of International Wireless System Coordination Committee known as CCIR was formed in 1927. The United Nations recognized the International Telecommunication Union as its organ on telecommunication in the year 1947.
CCIR stands for:
CCIR actually stands for the International Radio Consultative Committee, which was one of the predecessor organizations of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). It was responsible for setting standards and regulations for radio communication.
Subsequently the CCIF was merged with the CCITT in 1959 and the structure of ITU was changed in 1994 naming CCITT as ITU-T and CCIR as ITU-R. The present organization is given below.
The ITU has divided the global in three regions for allocation of frequencies to the different services.
Plenipotentiary is the highest-level body of the ITU dealing with organizational matters. It is represented at the Government level by the member countries (all member countries of the United Nations). The main objectives of ITU are facilitating interconnectivity through development of standards, optimum use of the scarce radio spectrum resources by regulating their utilization and growth of telecommunication in developing countries.
Regulations on International Telecom operations:
Regulations are enforced by the World Administrations Conference, represe by recognized national operating entities of the member countries. These include Telecommunications Services, Radio system operations, and Satellite Orbital position Allocations.
| Recommendations on Technical Aspects of Telecom System : |
The recommendations are drafted by the group of elected experts from various countries and manufacturers, representatives. These are approved by ITU-T or ITU-R respectively.
In its early years, the ITU carried out its task of standards-making very effectively, since the piece of technology was shower than it is today.
Telegrapgy, Telephony etc:
Telegraphy was invented in 1837,
Telephony in 1876,
Automatic switching in 1889, and telex in 1917.
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| Telex |
What is Telex?
How to Work Telex?
Telex was a method of sending messages over long distances using telegraphy.
Message Encoding:
The message was encoded into a series of characters, typically using a five-bit Baudot code.
Transmitting:
The encrypted message had been sent over long-distance lines of communication using an increasingly using technology or telex equipment.
Receiving:
At the receiving end, the transmitter had been decoded away into heroes and villains using a congruent increasingly using technology or telex.
Printing:
The decoded heroes and villains enough that copied onto paper, customarily in alphabets, for simple learning.
Delivery:
The listed memo is then supplied to the planned receiver or lodged for record-keeping. Telegrams connections have been extensively use it for global language before the invention of message and the intertubes
Equipment Production Standards:
The Electro-technical Commission, IEC.
The IEC was founded in 1906 with the prime objective of establishing standards for production of electrical and electronic equipment and comprises government representatives, manufacturers, users and educational bodies of the member countries. IEC standards cover design aspects, symbols, and nomenclature for universal use and equipment manufacturing including materials used, testing procedures, and safety aspects.
The International Standards Organization ISO:
ISO was established in 1947 as the organ of United Nations. Its main objective is to develop standards for promoting International Trade in goods and services. ISO contains Information innovation.
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) plays a crucial role in setting rules for different sectors, including telco. In the world of reality of telephony, ISO standards cover a wide range of attributes such like internet protocol, compression techniques tools, quality service, surveillance, and interconnection. These standards ensure compatibility and facilitate global communication and collaboration among different telecommunications systems and devices.
ISO has a moving pictures Expert group. MPEG-1 Standards for Multimedia.
In 1994 MPEG-2 were issued for all digital TV applications.
ATM🏧 (Asynochronous Transfer Mode) FORUM
ATM is an advanced telecommunication technique. ATM message board seemed to be created in 1991 by Four telephony and Computer Vendors. Its prime objective seems to be to accelerate the development and implementation of ATM items / solutions.
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| ATM (Asynochronous Transfer Mode) |
Functions:
ATMs offer a range of services including cash withdrawals, deposits, balance inquiries, funds transfers, bill payments, and account statements.
Access:
Customers can access ATMs using a debit or credit card issued by their bank or financial institution. Some ATMs also accept contactless payments or mobile banking apps.Network: ATMs are often part of a network operated by banks or independent service providers. Networks like Visa, Mastercard, or Cirrus allow customers to use ATMs worldwide, often with additional fees for out-of-network transactions.
Security:
ATMs are equipped with security features such as PIN (Personal Identification Number) entry, card readers, cameras, and sometimes even biometric scanners for authentication.
Locations:
ATMs are located in various locations such like commercial banks, single player self service, strip malls, british airport, and corner shops, offering adjunct to income and bank. 24 / 7 Availability: Most ATMs are available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, allowing the public to conduct operations at their efficiency, both in and outside of routine banking transactions.
Currency:
ATMs deliver domestic currency country and placement of the contraption. They could also provide exchange rate amenities for foreign travelers.
Maintenance:
Banks and ATM carriers regular basis keep and service ATMs to make certain they matter of basic and firmly. This encompasses stacking funds, conducting new features, and repairing any difficulties. Outcome, ATMs play a crucial role in online banking by delivering convenient products to clients around the countdown. Nted
Frame Relay Forum:
